Mu bisanzwe uburyo bwo gucapura imyambaro
Hari uburyo bwinshi bwo gucapura ivyuma, ivyo bikaba ari ubwoko bubiri bw’uburyo bwo gucapura bufise akamaro kanini mu vy’ubudandaji: gucapura amafoto no gucapura. Uburyo bwa gatatu ni ugucapura ubushuhe, ivyo bikaba ari bike cane. Iyindi ni gake ikoreshwa mu guhingura uburyo bwo gucapura imyambaro: gucapura ibishushanyo vy’ibiti, gucapura ibishashara (ni ukuvuga gucapura ibishashara), icapa ry’ikat no kunanira icapa. Amahinguriro menshi y’icapa ry’impuzu akoresha icapa ry’ibarabara n’icapa ry’uruzitiro kugira ngo icapa ibitambaro. Ibicapo vyinshi vy’uguhindura ubushuhe bikozwe mu ruganda rwo gucapura na vyo nyene biracapwa muri ubwo buryo.
Gucapura icapa
Gucapa screen birimwo gutegura igicapo c’ibarabara. Igishushanyo c’ibarabara gikoreshwa mu gucapura rimwe na rimwe gikozwe mu mpuzu nziza cane, iyo na yo ikaba yitwa igicapo. Gucapura igicapo c’ibara ry’agahama akenshi gikoreshwa mu gucapura, naho nyene igicapo c’ubudodo kitagikoreshwa. ) ikozwe mu nylon, polyester canke ubudodo bw’icuma bufise urusenga rwiza ku gipande canke c’icuma. Ico gipfukisho gikwiye guterwa n’iyi filime itari nziza. Hariho igishushanyo, co gukuraho iyo filime idatomoye, igasiga urusenga rw’urusenga, aka karere ni ugucapura igice c’ico kigereranyo. Ivyinshi mu mpuzu z’ubudandaji zica zishirwako n’ibara ry’ibara ry’umuco, hanyuma biciye mu buryo bw’amafoto y’amafoto kugira ngo rikureho iyo filime y’ibishushanyo maze ryerekane igishushanyo.
Gucapura gucapura ku mpuzu yacapuwe. Imbere mu gasandugu k’ikidodo, igikapu c’icapa kirahatirwa biciye ku gipfukisho (igikoresho nk’ico guhanagura ku gipfukisho c’imodoka) kugira ngo kigihatire kiva ku rusenga rw’igicapo. Ibara ryose riri mu gicapo c’icapa rikeneye igicapo conyene, kugira ngo rice amabara atandukanye. 3 ibara risaba amabara 3, kandi amabara 3 aracapwa ku mpuzu. Ikindi, urugero rw’ibara rimwe rimwe rutegerezwa gushirwa ku gicapo, ku buryo aho igishushanyo cacapuwe ari ukuri, bikirinda ikintu c’igiti c’icatsi kibisi gicapwa hagati mu binogo vy’umutuku. Gucapura amashurwe ni ijambo ry’inganda ry’icapa ry’ukuri ry’amabara yose y’ibishushanyo biri ku mpuzu.
Hari uburyo butatu bwo gutahura icapa ry’ibarabara, kandi ingingo ngenderwako y’uburyo bumwe bumwe ni imwe. Ubwoko bwa mbere bw’icapa, bukoreshwa cane mu myaka ya 1920, buracariko burakoreshwa cane. Gushika hagati mu myaka ya 1950, gucapura n’amaboko ni bwo buryo bwonyene bwo gucapura igicapo imbere y’uko ubuhinga bwa none butanga iyo nzira. Uburyo bwa kabiri bwitwa icapa ryikora (rizwi kandi nk’icapa ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara n’icapa ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara). Hagati mu myaka ya 1960, hariho ukundi gutera imbere, kandi ubuhinga bw’igicapo bwateguwe kuva ku rugero rw’amaboko n’ubuhinga bwikora gushika ku buryo bw’uruzitiro rw’uruziga. Uburyo bwa gatatu, bwitwa gucapura igicapo c’uruziga canke gucapura igicapo c’uruziga, ni bwo buryo bukoreshwa cane bwo gucapura igicapo muri iki gihe.
Ubwa kabiri, icapa ry’amaboko
Igipande c’ibarabara c’amaboko kiragurishwa ku isahani ndende (60 yards y’isahani y’imeza). Gucapura uruzitiro rw’impuzu y’impuzu y’impuzu mu meza, uruhande rw’imeza imbere y’uko rukoreshwa n’agace gatoyi k’ibintu vy’agaciro. Hanyuma abakozi bacapye barabandanya guhindura urusenga n’ibiganza vyabo ku isahani yose, kandi igihe cose hacapwa akadiri, gushika imyenda yose icapwa. Buri gicapo ihuye n’ibara ry’icapa. Igitigiri c’abahingura ubu buryo ni 50-90 ku isaha.
Gucapurwa n’ivy’ubudandaji na vyo nyene birakoreshwa cane mu gucapura impuzu zipfutse. Mu gihe c’icapa ry’impuzu, igikorwa co gukora impuzu kiratunganijwe hamwe n’uburyo bwo gucapura. Imbere y’uko imyambaro idogwa hamwe, ibishushanyo vy’ibintu vy’agaciro canke vy’umwihariko bicapwa ku mpuzu. Kubera ko gucapura n’amaboko bishobora gutuma amashurwe manini manini ashobora gukora amashurwe manini, rero gucapura birashobora kandi gucapura ibitambaro nk’igitambaro co ku nkengera y’ikiyaga, igitambaro gishasha c’ibarabara, igipfukisho n’igipfukisho co kwiyuhagira.
Igitabu c’ibintu vy’agaciro kirakoreshwa kandi mu gucapura impuzu z’abagore n’ibintu vy’abagore vy’imideri cane, icapa mu bwinshi kugira ngo isoko rikore ubushakashatsi.
Bitatu. Icapuriro ry'umwimerere
Gucapura igicapo c’ivyuma (canke icapa ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara), uretse no gukoresha ubuhinga bwa none, ni co kimwe n’igicapo c’amaboko, rero umuvuduko ni wo wihuta. Ico gitambara cacapuwe gishikirizwa igicapo ku mukanda munini w’imipira, ariko si ku rubuga rurerure (nk’icapa ry’amaboko). Nk’uko bigenda ku gicapo co gucapura n’amaboko, icapa ry’ivyuma ryikora na ryo nyene riratandukanye aho kubandanya. Muri iyo nzira, iyo mpuzu iraja hasi ku rubuga, hanyuma irahagarara. Ico gipfukisho kiracapurwa kandi kigacapwa ku gicapo. Inyuma yo gutera, iyo mpuzu irabandanya kwimuka munsi y’urusenga rukurikira. Umuvuduko wo gukora ni nk’amayaridi 500 kw’isaha. Igicapo c’ibarabara gishobora gukoreshwa gusa ku mpuzu yose, kandi muri rusangi ibice vy’umubiri ntibicapwa muri ubwo buryo.
Nk’uburyo bwo gukora ibikorwa vy’ubudandaji, igikorwa co gucapura igicapo c’ibarabara (icapa igicapo c’ibarabara) kiriko kiragabanuka kubera gukoresha icapa ry’uruziga n’ubushobozi bwinshi bwo gukora.
Ica kane, icapa ry'ibarabara
Hariho ibintu bihambaye vyinshi vy’icapa ry’uruziga bitandukanye n’ubundi buryo bwo gucapura igicapo. Igipande c’ibarabara ry’ibarabara n’icapa ry’uruzitiro bizodondagurika mu gice gikurikira, Igisata c’uburyo bukomeza, gucapura igitambaro biciye ku murongo munini w’imipira bitwarwa mu gihe c’ugukomeza kw’uruzitiro rw’uruzitiro. Mu gucapura icapa, igipimo c’uguhingura igicapo c’uruziga ni co kinyaruguru cihuta kuruta ibindi vyose, kirenze ama yardes 3500 kw’isaha. Koresha urusenga rw’ivyuma canke ivyuma vy’ipulasitike. Uruzitiro rwo hejuru ruri hejuru y’amasentimetero 40, rero ubunini bw’umugongo burengeye 40. Amabara arenga 20 y’imashini y’ugucapura igicapo y’uruziga na yo nyene yarakozwe, uburyo bwo gucapura buriko burasubirira buhoro buhoro icapa ry’uruzitiro.
Bitanu. Icapa ry'ibarabara
Gucapurwa n’ingoma, nk’icapa ry’ibinyamakuru, ni ubuhinga buhanitse bw’ubuhinga bwa none butanga imyambaro irenga 6000 y’impuzu zicapwa kw’isaha. Ubwo buryo kandi bwitwa gucapura ubuhinga. Mu gucapura uruzitiro, ibishushanyo bicapwa ku mpuzu mu gushiramwo uruzitiro rw’umuringa canke ibizingiti. Ico gipfukisho c’umuringa gishobora gushirwako imirongo myiza cane, rero gishobora gucapwa neza cane kandi gikoroha. Nk’akarorero, icapa ry’amashurwe ry’ibara ry’agahama ry’ibara ry’agahama ryitwa Liz ry’ibara ry’agahama ni ubwoko bw’ibishushanyo vyacapwa biciye mu gucapura uruzitiro. Turakwiye guhingura ibishushanyo vy’ibishushanyo n’abahinguzi b’ibishushanyo vy’ibishushanyo vy’ivyuma vy’ibara ry’agahama, kimwe cose kikaba gikeneye uruzitiro rw’ibintu. (mu nzira y’ubuhinga bwo gucapura, gucapura atanu, gucapura ibizingiti bitandatu, n’ibindi bikoreshwa kenshi mu guserukira gucapura amabara atanu canke atandatu. Gucapurwa n’ugucapura kw’imirongo ni uburyo bwo gucapura bunini cane, kandi igisohoka kiguma kigabanuka buri mwaka. Nimba igikorwa c’ikigereranyo kimwekimwe cose kitari kinini cane, ubu buryo ni ubutunzi. Mu bihe vyinshi, igiciro c’ugutegura ingoma kandi uguhindura ibikoresho ni igihe kirekire, ivyo bikaba bituma biba vyinshi, bikaba bituma biba vyinshi, bikaba bituma bidakoresha ubu buryo. Ariko rero, icapa ry’uruzitiro akenshi rikoreshwa mu gucapura n’imirongo myiza cane, nk’icapa ry’umuzingo wa Pezli be n’ibishushanyo vyinshi vy’ingenzi vy’icapa mu bihe vyinshi.
Bivanye n’ubunini bw’imashini y’icapa n’ivy’icapa. Imashini nyinshi zo gucapura zishobora gutunganirizwa kugira ngo haboneke umuzingi w’inci 16, ni ukuvuga ko ubunini budashobora kuba burenze inches 16 z’ibicapo vy’uruziga. Ubwaguke bw’igitanda bukwiye kuba kinini gatoyi kuruta ubwaguke bw’impuzu yacapwe ku mpuzu harimwo n’ugusesagura imbere buri ku gishushanyo cacapuwe. Iyo imaze kwitegura, uruzitiro rw’icapa rurashobora gukoreshwa hafi ata n’umwe ruzimiye, kandi nta ngorane yo gucapura amamiliyoni y’impuzu.
Bitandatu, icapa n'icapa inyuma y'icapa
Igihe iyo mpuzu imaze gucapwa biciye ku gicapo canke ku muzingo, ibara rishirwa ku mpuzu, kandi birakenewe ko umuntu ashobora kuvura ibara. Irangi rikoreshwa nk’irangi ryo gucapura ritegerezwa gufatanywa n’ibara ry’umubiri. Igihe co gucapura igitambaro co gucapura mu bushuhe kiri hafi canke rimwe na rimwe kuruta amazi (umuriro w’umuvuduko munini) wo gukosora iyo ntambwe yitwa umuyagankuba. Inyuma yo gutera umuriro, igitambaro biciye mu bwogero bw’isabune kugira ngo ukureho ibindi bintu vyakoreshejwe mu gucapura umukate n’ivyuma vy’umukara mu formule. Ubwa nyuma, iyo mpuzu ica mu nzira nyinshi zo kwoza no kwuma. Amazi menshi n’ubushuhe bwinshi birakenewe mu bijanye no gucapura.
Mu gucapura, iyo ibara rikoreshejwe aho gukoresha igitambaro c’umubiri, iyo mpuzu irakeneye gukoreshwa mu kuvura ubushuhe bwumye gushika ku 210 degrees Celsius, kugira ngo resine y’impuzu yo gukosorwa ikomezwe. Iyi ntambwe yitwa guteka, kandi ntigikeneye gutunganywa. Gucapura n’ibara aho gutera amarangi birashobora gukiza amazi menshi n’inguvu nyinshi.
Inganda y’impuzu akenshi yita igitambaro cacapuwe n’impuzu citwa igitambaro c’ibara ry’agahama, kandi igitambaro cacapuwe n’ibara ry’ingurube citwa igitambaro co gucapura cumye. Ivyo ni kubera ko igitambaro c’ikidodo gitose gikeneye umuriro w’umuriro, kandi ugumesa gukurikira ni kimwe mu bikorwa vyose. Ku rundi ruhande, iyo mpuzu y’icapa ikeneye gusa guteka neza n’uguteka neza nk’igice c’igikorwa co gutera amabara, ata n’amazi yoza amazi.
Indwi. Ubushobozi bwo guhindura icapa
Ingingo ngenderwako y’icapa ry’ugucapura ubushuhe risa n’iry’uburyo bwo gucapura. Mu gihe c’ugucapura ubushuhe, ubanza gucapura ivyerekanwa ku mpapuro n’amarangi y’ugushwiragizwa n’irangi ry’icapa, hanyuma ubike urupapuro rwacapuwe (ruzwi kandi nk’urupapuro rwo gutanga) kugira ngo uce icapa ry’impuzu. Gucapurwa mu buryo bw’inyandiko, imashini yo gucapura ubushuhe, urupapuro rwo gucapura n’uruhanga rwo gucapura rwafatanye, ku 210 DEG C (400t) mu gihe c’iyo mashini, mu bushuhe bwinshi nk’ubwo, impapuro zo guhindura ibara ry’irangi no kwimurira ku mpuzu, ntizikeneye gukora ibindi. Ivyo bikorwa ni vyoroshe kandi ntibisaba ubuhinga bukenewe mu guhingura icapa ry’uruzitiro canke icapa ry’uruziga.
Irangi ry’irangi ni ryo ryonyene ry’irangi, mu buryo bwa csgia.net ni ryo ryonyene ry’ugucapura ubushuhe, rero iyo nzira ishobora gukoreshwa gusa mu gukorana n’ubwo bwoko bw’impuzu y’irangi, harimwo n’insinga ya acetate, fibre y’insinga y’ivyuma (ylon) n’ivyuma vy’ivyuma.
Mu gihe c’icapa ry’ugucapura ubushuhe, igiterwa co gucapura imyambaro kizogura urupapuro rw’icapa ku gikoresho c’icapa kidasanzwe cane. Igitabo co gucapura gishobora gucapwa bishingiye ku bisabwa n’umuhinguzi w’igishushanyo n’umukiriya (ico kigereranyo kiriho ubu gishobora gukoreshwa mu gucapura ku mpapuro zo kwimurirwa) o .
Igipande co gucapura co mu bushuhe gishobora gukoreshwa mu mpuzu zicapwa (nk’ugucapura ku ruhande, kudomeka mu gikiriza, n’ibindi). Muri ivyo, hakoreshwa imigero idasanzwe. Gucapa mu gucapura imyambaro nk’uburyo bwo gucapura igitambaro bushitse mu nzira y’icapa mu vyo gucapura ubwavyo rero, birakuraho ivy’uko bikenewe gukoresha, imashini nini kandi izimvye yo kwuma, imashini yo gumesa n’imashini yo kurambura. Igitabo co gucapura gishobora kugeragezwa imbere y’uko icapa, ivyo bikaba bikuraho ukutagira ukuri be n’ibindi bimenyetso. Ku bw’ivyo, hariho ibintu bikeyi vy’inyuma mu gicapo co gucapura ubushuhe.
Umuvuduko w’uguhingura ubushuhe bugumaho ni nk’amayaridi 250 kw’isaha.
Umunani, icapa ry’indege n’ivyizigiro vyayo
Gucapura irangi ry’irangi ni amatonyanga mato kandi aguma mu kibanza nyaco c’impuzu, rikoreshwa mu gutera ivyatsi n’ibara ry’umubiri bishobora kugenzurwa na mudasobwa, kandi bishobora kuronka imiterere y’ibintu vy’ukuri kandi igoye.
Gucapurwa n’ugucapwa bikuraho ugucererwa n’uguteba guterwa n’ugutera ingoma n’ugukora ku gicapo, ivyo bikaba ari akarusho k’uguhiganwa mw’isoko ry’impuzu ry’impuzu ryihuta. Uburyo bwo gucapura indege burahinduka kandi buranyaruka, kandi burashobora kwihuta kuva ku citegererezo kimwe ukaja ku kindi. Gucapura igitambaro (ni ukuvuga, atari kubera ugushikama ku ruhande rw’impuzu, uguhinduka kw’imiterere) ntibizoba biriko birazunguruka, gutyo bikaba bikuraho ukuvyura igitambaro canke kuvyura ingorane zishobora gushika. Ariko rero, iyo nzira ntishobora gucapura ibishushanyo vyiza, kandi urutonde rw’ivyo bishushanyo rurapfutse.
Ubu icapa ry’indege ry’indege rirakoreshwa hafi yose mu gucapura amatapi. Si uburyo buhambaye bwo gucapura imyenda. Ariko rero, kubera ubushakashatsi n’iterambere ry’ubuhinga bwo kugenzura ubuhinga n’ubuhinga bwa none, ivyo bishobora guhinduka. Muri iki gihe, imashini nyinshi zo gucapura indege zashizwe mu gucapura ivyuma, harimwo n’imashini y’icapa y’indege y’amamilitso yateguwe na mililitiya n’ishirahamwe ryayo.
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